Volcanic Water and Longevity: The Science of Mineral Balneotherapy

Volcanic thermal water is groundwater associated with igneous formations, able to incorporate minerals and gases as it circulates through an aquifer. It is not heated tap water with added salts: its composition depends on geology, spring, mineralisation and therapeutic use. At Balneario de Cofrentes in Valencia, Spain, that volcanic context is the foundation of more than 120 years of thermal medicine practice.

Balneotherapy — the therapeutic use of these mineral-medicinal waters — has accumulated decades of clinical research. What science suggests is that the effects are not due to heat alone: mineral composition, buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure, environment, rest and gentle movement can influence pain, sleep, stress and recovery.

Quick answer: balneotherapy is not an anti-aging cure. Its most useful evidence places it as a complementary intervention for musculoskeletal pain, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, stress, sleep and recovery. Stronger studies usually use several consecutive days of mineral baths, peloids, gentle exercise or nature exposure; that is why the stay context matters more than a single isolated session.

Thermal therapy becomes more useful when it is combined with natural surroundings, quiet and low-load movement. The same logic explains why forest bathing for stress and mild anxiety symptoms can belong inside a measurable recovery protocol rather than a vague wellness promise.

What Makes Volcanic Water Special?

The difference between a mineral spa and a hotel jacuzzi is not aesthetic: it is geochemical. Mineral-medicinal waters are not defined by being “hot”; they are defined by origin, composition, dissolved gases, mineralisation and prescribed therapeutic use.

At Cofrentes, the correct geological reference is the Cerro de Agras volcano, also known as the Cofrentes volcano or Cerro Negro. Balneario de Cofrentes describes several springs: Hervideros, Pilón, Fuentemina, Salinas de San Javier and Granera, each with a different composition and use. Cofrentes should not be reduced to “one water” with one temperature and one chemical formula.

For example, Hervideros is described as mixed bicarbonate, sulfate, magnesium, carbonic and ferruginous water used in hydropinic cures; Pilón as calcium bicarbonate, oligometallic water also used in hydrotherapy. The temperature used in a bath or circuit belongs to the therapeutic protocol, not to a universal spring value.

Balneotherapy, Hydrotherapy and Spa: Not the Same Promise

The first problem in search results is semantic: many pages discuss “thermal water benefits” while mixing balneotherapy, hydrotherapy, jacuzzis, thalassotherapy, mud therapy and massage. To make a clinical decision, separate what is actually being studied.

Format	What it is	What it can support	What it cannot prove
Mineral-medicinal balneotherapy	Therapeutic use of natural mineral waters, sometimes with gases or peloids, in repeated protocols.	May support pain, function, stress and sleep when used over several days with clinical selection.	It does not prove rejuvenation, detox or cure for rheumatic disease.
Hydrotherapy	Use of water through temperature, pressure, buoyancy or exercise, even when the water is not mineral.	May facilitate low-impact movement, muscle relaxation and exercise tolerance.	It does not by itself prove a specific effect from minerals or dissolved gases.
Hotel spa or jacuzzi	Recreational or wellness immersion, usually without medical indication or specific mineral composition.	May help relaxation and disconnection.	It should not be sold as clinical treatment without assessment, dose and follow-up.
Thalassotherapy or peloid therapy	Sea water, marine climate, algae, therapeutic muds or peloids.	May have a role in rehabilitation and pain, depending on protocol.	It is not interchangeable with volcanic or bicarbonate inland mineral water.

This distinction sounds technical, but it changes the recommendation. If a study uses 11 days of residential balneotherapy, it does not justify promising the same effect from one jacuzzi session. And if a trial combines water, mud, exercise and nature, the outcome belongs to the whole protocol, not only to the mineral.

Mineral Composition: What Each Element Does

A review published in Applied Sciences (Aguilera et al., 2024) systematised the effects of the main ions present in volcanic thermal waters:

Mineral	Presence described in Cofrentes	Main Mechanism	Documented Effect
Sulfates (SO₄²⁻)	Hervideros and Fuentemina are described as sulfate or sulfate-magnesium waters	Inhibition of IL-2, IL-8, IL-17 and IFN-γ	Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory
Bicarbonates (HCO₃⁻)	Hervideros, Pilón and Granera have a bicarbonate profile	Skin pH regulation, mild keratolysis	Dermal barrier regeneration
Chlorides (Cl⁻)	Salinas de San Javier is described as sodium-chloride and hypermineralised	Cutaneous osmosis, deep hydration	Improved hydration and skin turgor
Free CO₂	Hervideros is carbonic and shows visible gas emanation	Capillary vasodilation	Improved microcirculation, trophic effect
Silicon (SiO₂)	May appear in waters associated with volcanic rocks; concentration should be measured by spring	Collagen synthesis, oxidative protection	Skin barrier and extracellular-matrix support, antioxidant
Magnesium (Mg²⁺)	Hervideros and Fuentemina include a magnesium component	Enzymatic cofactor, muscle relaxation	Muscle recovery, anti-inflammatory

Sulfates deserve attention. Sulfur in its various forms has been studied for effects on T-lymphocyte proliferation and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In longevity medicine, the relevant question is practical: does the protocol move pain, sleep, function, oxidative stress or inflammaging markers in the right direction without replacing core treatment?

Mechanisms of Action: Which Pathways Are Proposed

For decades, the medical community debated whether mineral immersion had systemic or only local effects. The cautious answer is that several pathways may coexist: skin contact, heat or thermal contrast, buoyancy, hydrostatic pressure, peripheral circulation, autonomic regulation, gentle exercise and rest.

Skin contact: The skin is not a passive barrier, but systemic mineral absorption from water varies by ion, concentration, time, temperature, pH and skin status. That is why it is more accurate to speak about cutaneous interaction and local effects than to promise guaranteed “mineral absorption”.

Hormetic pathway: An article published in International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Gálvez et al., 2018, PMID: 29882782) documents how immersion in sulfurous water activates the cellular hormetic response: mild and controlled stress that induces the synthesis of heat shock proteins (HSPs), activates the endogenous antioxidant system and regulates the immune response. It is the same principle that makes sauna or high-intensity exercise beneficial: dose makes the remedy.

Neuroendocrine system: some spa therapy studies have observed changes in perceived stress, cortisol or related markers, but results depend on the protocol and setting. In a clinical stay, the useful question is whether pain, activation, fragmented sleep and inflammaging markers such as hsCRP or suPAR improve when it makes sense to measure them, not whether cortisol automatically falls.

A double-blind controlled trial published in In Vivo (Szenczi et al., 2023, PMID: 36881082) measured malondialdehyde (MDA) — an oxidative stress marker — in patients treated with thermal water versus tap water. Thermal water showed a protective effect against oxidative damage: MDA levels did not increase in the thermal group, compared to a significant increase in the control group (p=0.049).

Pain, Stress and Sleep: Where the Clinical Evidence Is Strongest

The important question is not whether thermal water “works” in the abstract, but for which problem, with which protocol and for how long. Many guides mix hydrotherapy, spa, jacuzzi, thalassotherapy and balneotherapy. In thermal medicine, at least five scenarios should be separated:

Goal	What recent evidence suggests	How to use it without overclaiming
Osteoarthritis and joint pain	Protano et al. (2023) in osteoarthritis and Aribi et al. (2025) in rheumatology point to improvements in pain, function and quality of life. But Aribi rated the certainty as very low because of risk of bias, inconsistency and suspected publication bias.	Balneotherapy can support physiotherapy, strength, healthy body composition and inflammation control. For joint pain, read our guide to arthritis prevention and joint health.
Stress, anxiety and fatigue	A 2024 meta-analysis on hydrotherapy and balneotherapy found reduced anxiety symptoms, although depression effects were less clear in the balneotherapy subgroup. A 2025 RCT in 373 people with stress and musculoskeletal pain found improvements in pain, spasms, tension, fatigue, sleep and quality of life after 6-11 days, with 6-month follow-up. The 2026 multicenter trial in 243 adults also observed improvements in stress, anxiety, fatigue and sleep.	Read it as low-load recovery: water, rest, environment and routine. It does not replace psychotherapy or medical treatment when anxiety or depression is clinical.
Sleep	The Frontiers in Physiology review (2022) found self-perceived sleep improvements in most studies of spa/balneotherapy combined with exercise, but protocols mixed water, activity and other treatments.	It can improve the terrain: lower activation, natural light, gentle movement and timing. If the issue is circadian rhythm, also read melatonin and aging.
Oxidative stress and inflammation	There are signals around MDA, antioxidant enzymes and cytokines, alongside the hormesis framework proposed by Gálvez et al. That does not justify “rejuvenation” claims, but it does justify measurement and follow-up.	In longevity medicine, what matters is whether the trend improves alongside hsCRP, suPAR, glucose, sleep, pain and HRV, not whether one session shifts one marker.
Skin barrier and dermatology	Protano et al. (2024) reviewed balneotherapy in dermatological diseases and found symptomatic improvements in small studies, attributed to the physicochemical properties of mineral water.	It may support dermatological care; it is not a substitute for diagnosis or treatment during active flares.

How to Translate the Evidence Into a Practical Protocol

Dose matters. A thermal protocol should not be designed around spa aesthetics, but around clinical goal, tolerance and before/after measurement.

Duration	Realistic goal	What to include	What to measure
4-7 days	Reduce pain, tension, stress load and fragmented sleep	Supervised baths or thermal circuit, gentle walks, rest, daylight and load control	Pain 0-10, sleep, HRV, blood pressure, fatigue and analgesic use
10-11 days	Closer to recent RCTs on stress, fatigue and pain	Repeated exposure, gentle exercise, nature exposure and medical adjustment when comorbidities exist	Pain, function, sleep, fatigue, mood, blood pressure and heat tolerance
14-21 days	Classic balneotherapy format for osteoarthritis and rehabilitation	Mineral baths, physiotherapy, adapted strength work and self-care education	Joint function, grip strength, mobility, hsCRP where relevant and quality of life

In a real stay, the effect does not come only from “getting in the water”. It comes from repeated moderate thermal exposure, buoyancy unloading joints, low-impact movement, better sleep, less noise, structured timing and clinical judgement. That is why thermalism naturally connects with forest bathing, HRV and recovery, as long as it does not become a catalogue of promises.

How to Choose a Thermal Program Without Falling for Marketing

If you are considering balneotherapy for pain, stress, sleep or inflammation, the useful question is not “what are the benefits of water?” It is whether the program has enough structure to show what changed. Before booking, ask for clarity on six points:

Question	Good sign	Red flag
Which water is used?	Spring, composition and therapeutic use are described.	Generic “mineral water” without analysis or indication.
What is the goal?	Pain, function, sleep, stress, skin or recovery is defined before starting.	Vague promises of detox, anti-aging or regeneration.
What is the dose?	Days, sessions, temperature, duration, pauses and intensity are adapted.	The same circuit for everyone, without checking tolerance.
Who checks safety?	Medical history, blood pressure, medication, skin status, cardiovascular risk and pregnancy are reviewed.	No one asks about drugs, dizziness, hypertension or heart failure.
What is measured?	Pain 0-10, sleep, fatigue, HRV, blood pressure, function or biomarkers when relevant.	Only “how you felt” when leaving.
What happens afterwards?	Return plan: movement, sleep, nutrition, physiotherapy or follow-up.	The program ends with the last shower.

This is the difference between pleasant wellness and useful preventive medicine. The experience can be enjoyable, but the value appears when it helps decisions: which pain tolerates movement, which sleep improves with routine, which stress responds to environment and what needs separate medical care.

Who Fits, Who Needs Caution and When Water Is Not Enough

Most visible guides stop at “thermal-water benefits”. The useful clinical decision is more specific: who can try it, what should be adapted and when thermal water should not delay diagnosis.

Profile	Reasonable use	What to check first
Good candidate	Stable chronic musculoskeletal pain, mild-to-moderate osteoarthritis, high stress, light sleep, load-related fatigue and need for low-impact movement.	Baseline pain, blood pressure, sleep, medication, heat tolerance and a measurable objective.
Use with caution	Controlled hypertension, stable cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, significant varicose veins, sensitive skin, heat-related dizziness or hypotensive medication.	Temperature, exposure time, hydration, pauses, supervision and a quick exit if symptoms appear.
Do not use as a substitute	Hot swollen joint, progressive night pain, fever, unexplained weight loss, active skin flare, acute infection or cardiac symptoms.	Medical assessment comes first. Thermalism may support later; it should not hide a red flag.
Poor fit	Looking for “detox”, rapid rejuvenation or a biological-age shift from one isolated session.	Reframe the goal: pain, sleep, function, perceived stress, HRV, blood pressure or quality of life.

120 Years of Thermal Medicine at Cofrentes

Balneario de Cofrentes has been in continuous operation since 1903. For more than 120 years, it has used the mineral-medicinal waters of this Valencian enclave within specific therapeutic indications and recovery programs.

The thermal tradition of the area is older than the modern hotel. Local references point to historic thermal use, including the Roman period; cautiously, the point is not to turn that history into clinical proof, but to understand that Cofrentes did not begin as a recent cosmetic spa.

The location is no coincidence. Cofrentes is linked to the Cerro de Agras volcano, a singular volcanic outcrop in the Valencian Community. That geological identity sits alongside a more precise hydrogeological reality: several mineral-medicinal springs, different compositions and different uses depending on indication. Hervideros is used in medically prescribed hydropinic cures; Pilón is used in hydrotherapy; Fuentemina is in reserve; Salinas de San Javier is described as hypermineralised.

Today the complex covers 200 hectares and employs over 290 staff including 50 medical professionals. In 2025 it hosted the LBF7 Spain international longevity congress. The transformation toward a clinical longevity model does not abandon what has worked for 12 decades: it adds the precision science of the 21st century on top.

Thermal Environments, Habits and Longevity: What We Can Say

There is no serious evidence that a region lives longer because it has thermal water. Population longevity depends on diet, daily activity, social connection, income, healthcare, tobacco, alcohol, pollution, sleep and many other factors. Thermal environments can still support something valuable: adherence to recovery habits.

Japan integrates onsen into a culture of bathing, pause and social ritual. Galicia preserves a Roman thermal tradition and many mineral springs. Iceland made geothermal water part of daily infrastructure. The point is not that minerals explain life expectancy, but that the environment can create repeated routines: bathing, gentle movement, conversation, nature, moderate heat and rest.

The practical lesson for Cofrentes is simple: volcanic water has biological interest, but its value increases when it sits inside a stay that also improves sleep, joint load, food, walking, nature exposure and clinical follow-up. In longevity, the ritual only matters if it changes the life system around it.

Integrated Thermalism: When Water Works With the Clinic

21st-century thermalism at Progevita does not function as an isolated therapy. The clinical logic is simpler: volcanic water may help reduce pain, muscle tension and nervous-system activation while the team decides which medical intervention makes sense based on history, biomarkers, medication and goals.

Three cautious fits:

Thermalism + NAD+ therapy: balneotherapy can sit as a recovery layer around an NAD+ intervention when that intervention is appropriate. It should not be sold as a proven multiplier; the decision depends on symptoms, goals, safety and real response.

Thermalism + Plasmapheresis: in selected profiles, plasmapheresis may reduce part of the inflammatory plasma burden, while balneotherapy may help modulate pain, stress and inflammatory markers. The sequence only makes sense with medical indication, biomarkers and follow-up; not as a promise of cleansing or default amplification.

Thermalism + ozone therapy: both sit near oxidative stress, hormesis and inflammatory modulation, but that does not prove an automatic additive effect. At Progevita, this is decided case by case, with medical judgement and without detox or quick anti-aging promises.

This integration only makes sense if it is measured. If inflammaging — detectable through hsCRP, suPAR and IL-6 — is high, the goal is not to add treatments for their own sake, but to see what improves sleep, pain, function, inflammation and quality of life with the lowest reasonable risk.

Scientific Evidence: What the Studies Say

Research in balneotherapy has matured over the last decade. It is no longer just centuries of empirical medicine; there are clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Key evidence:

• Matsumoto S. (2018, PMID: 30259887): Review of balneotherapy in rehabilitation medicine. Documents effects on musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases. Common mechanism: activation of anti-inflammatory responses and neuroendocrine modulation.
• Bender T et al. (2026, PMID: 41746426): Updated review and meta-analysis of Hungarian clinical trials up to 2025. It found significant reductions in pain at rest, pain on load and improvements in quality of life, especially in degenerative locomotor diseases.
• Gálvez I et al. (2018, PMID: 29882782): Theoretical framework for thermal hormesis: how sulfurous water and heat activate HSPs, reduce MDA (oxidative stress) and modulate the immune system through mild stress response.
• Protano C et al. (2023, PMID: 37301799): Systematic review of balneotherapy in osteoarthritis. It found favorable signals for pain, function and quality of life, while noting variable protocols and methodological quality.
• Szenczi A et al. (2023, PMID: 36881082): Double-blind controlled trial: thermal water is protective against oxidative stress compared to tap water. MDA levels did not increase in the thermally treated group (p=0.049).
• Protano C et al. (2024, PMID: 38530467): PRISMA systematic review of balneotherapy in dermatological diseases. Eight studies included, all showing significant symptom improvement. Effects attributed to the physicochemical properties of water, especially sulfates and bicarbonates.
• Aribi I et al. (2025, PMID: 40010834): Systematic review and meta-analysis in rheumatology. It found signals for pain and quality of life, but certainty was very low because of risk of bias, inconsistency and possible publication bias.
• Antonelli M et al. (2024, PMID: 38884799): Systematic review and meta-analysis on cortisol levels. The signal points to a short-term reduction, but effect size depends heavily on population, duration, water and comparator.
• Koroglu S, Yıldız M (2024): Meta-analysis of 17 randomized trials on hydrotherapy and balneotherapy for anxiety and depression symptoms. It found a reduction in anxiety; in balneotherapy, the depression effect was less consistent.
• Rapolienė L et al. (2025, PMID: 40483330): Six-month RCT in 373 people with stress and musculoskeletal pain. The 6- to 11-day programs improved pain, spasms, tension, fatigue, sleep and quality of life, with stronger results in inpatient or nature-combined formats.
• Rapolienė L et al. (2026, PMID: 41845331): Multicenter randomized trial with 6-month follow-up on stress, anxiety, depression, fatigue and sleep. Relevant because it studied an 11-day protocol, not a single spa session.
• Aguilera L et al. (2024): Review of minerals and trace elements in thermal waters and skin health. Benefits linked mainly to chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate content; calcium, sodium and magnesium; and trace elements including boron, selenium, strontium, manganese and zinc.

The evidence is not perfect: many trials are small, controls are not always ideal and protocols often combine baths, mud, exercise and setting. The methodological review by Szendi et al. (2025, PMID: 40217213) adds a real problem: blinding balneology trials is difficult because colour, odour, temperature, sensations and setting may reveal allocation. The honest reading is that balneotherapy has better support as an adjunct for pain, function, stress and sleep than as a direct longevity promise.

Frequently Asked Questions About Volcanic Water and Longevity

What distinguishes volcanic spring water from regular thermal water?

Volcanic mineral water is associated with igneous geological formations and can contain dissolved gases and mineral profiles that differ from ordinary surface water. Its effect depends on the specific spring, concentration, protocol and person. Not all thermal waters are volcanic, and not every volcanic spring has the same mineral profile.

How many days of balneotherapy are needed to see measurable benefits?

Many studies with clinical outcomes use 10- to 21-day protocols. The 2026 multicenter stress trial used 11 days. In shorter stays, the cautious goal is reducing pain, tension, sympathetic load and fragmented sleep; durable systemic changes usually require more time, repetition or follow-up.

Is balneotherapy the same as hydrotherapy or spa?

Not exactly. Hydrotherapy uses water through temperature, pressure or movement, even when the water is not mineral. A spa may be recreational only. Balneotherapy uses natural mineral-medicinal waters, usually in repeated protocols with therapeutic intent. That is why multi-day studies should not be extrapolated to one isolated jacuzzi session.

Can balneotherapy help with stress and sleep?

It can help as a complementary intervention. Recent evidence suggests improvements in perceived stress, fatigue, subclinical anxiety and sleep quality, especially when several days of mineral baths are combined with rest, natural surroundings and gentle movement. It does not replace psychological or medical treatment for severe insomnia, clinical anxiety or depression.

Are there contraindications to volcanic thermal water immersion?

Yes. Hot water immersion is contraindicated in decompensated heart failure, uncontrolled severe hypertension, acute infectious processes, first-trimester pregnancy and certain active dermatological conditions. At Progevita, all participants undergo a prior medical assessment that includes suitability for thermal protocols.

How does balneotherapy combine with longevity treatments at Progevita?

At Progevita, balneotherapy is integrated as a recovery and support layer, not as a substitute for medical treatment. It may accompany sleep, pain, inflammation, physiotherapy, NAD+, ozone therapy or plasmapheresis protocols only when the initial assessment justifies it. The sequence is personalized by medical history, medication, biomarkers and tolerance.

What biomarkers improve with regular thermal therapy?

Some studies have reported changes in malondialdehyde (MDA, an oxidative stress marker), antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Response varies by water, duration and person. In longevity medicine, it should be interpreted alongside hsCRP, suPAR, sleep, pain, HRV and function, not as one isolated marker.

What is the geological origin of Cofrentes water?

Balneario de Cofrentes waters are associated with the Cerro de Agras volcanic setting. The official Balneario source describes several springs with different profiles: Hervideros is mixed bicarbonate, sulfate, magnesium, carbonic and ferruginous; Pilón is calcium bicarbonate and also used in hydrotherapy; Fuentemina is in reserve; Salinas de San Javier is sodium chloride and hypermineralised. Temperature and use depend on the spring and indicated protocol.

References

1. Matsumoto S. Evaluation of the Role of Balneotherapy in Rehabilitation Medicine. J Nippon Med Sch. 2018;85(4):196-202 (PMID: 30259887)
2. Gálvez I, Torres-Piles S, Ortega-Rincón E. Balneotherapy, Immune System, and Stress Response: A Hormetic Strategy? Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(6):1687 (PMID: 29882782)
3. Szenczi A et al. Is Balneotherapy Protective Against Oxidative Stress? A Pilot Study. In Vivo. 2023;37(2):858-861 (PMID: 36881082)
4. Protano C et al. Balneotherapy for osteoarthritis: a systematic review. Rheumatol Int. 2023;43(9):1597-1610 (PMID: 37301799)
5. Protano C et al. Balneotherapy using thermal mineral water baths and dermatological diseases: a systematic review. Int J Biometeorol. 2024;68(6):1005-1013 (PMID: 38530467)
6. Antonelli M et al. Balneotherapy and cortisol levels: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Biometeorol. 2024;68(10):1909-1922 (PMID: 38884799)
7. Koroglu S, Yıldız M. Effectiveness of hydrotherapy and balneotherapy for anxiety and depression symptoms: a meta-analysis. Current Psychology. 2024;43:24193-24204. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-024-06062-w
8. Aribi I et al. Efficacy and safety of balneotherapy in rheumatology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2025;15(2):e089597 (PMID: 40010834)
9. Bender T et al. Evidence-based balneotherapy in Hungary. Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the Hungarian clinical trials. Int J Biometeorol. 2026;70(3):78 (PMID: 41746426)
10. Szendi K et al. Challenges of blinding in clinical balneology trials: a scoping review. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2025;25(1):132 (PMID: 40217213)
11. Rapolienė L et al. Short and Long-term effects of balneotherapy on musculoskeletal pain and fatigue associated with stress. Int J Biometeorol. 2025;69(9):2089-2102 (PMID: 40483330)
12. Rapolienė L et al. Effects of balneotherapy on stress, anxiety, and depression: results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial with six-month follow-up. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2026;26(1):154 (PMID: 41845331)
13. Ribas-Prats T et al. Sleep and spa therapies: What is the role of balneotherapy associated with exercise? A systematic review. Front Physiol. 2022;13:964232. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.964232
14. Aguilera L et al. Unveiling the Role of Minerals and Trace Elements of Thermal Waters in Skin Health. Applied Sciences. 2024;14(14):6291
15. Buettner D, Skemp S. Blue Zones: Lessons From the World's Longest Lived. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2016;10(5):318-321 (PMID: 27784170)
16. Bender T et al. Effect of balneotherapy on the antioxidant system — a controlled pilot study. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2007;119(13-14):461-465 (PMID: 17174729)
17. Balneario de Cofrentes. Aguas Minero Medicinales del Balneario de Cofrentes. 2024. https://balneario.com/blog-ciencia/aguas-minero-medicinales-del-balneario-de-cofrentes

This article is for informational purposes and does not replace individual medical consultation. Thermal-water protocols should be adapted to cardiovascular risk, blood pressure, skin status, pregnancy, medication and each person's tolerance.

Want to experience the volcanic thermalism of Cofrentes as part of a personalised longevity protocol? Talk to our medical team and design your programme at Balneario de Cofrentes, Valencia.